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Some chemical reactions happen spontaneously, like metal rusting. Other reactions are non-spontaneous and need to absorb energy in order to occur. Using the Second Law of Thermodynamics, the principle of entropy, and the calculation of Gibbs free energy, scientists can predict which reactions will occur and vary the conditions to make more of the desired products. In equilibrium reactions, both products and reactants are always present. Equilibrium reactions in the human body are essential for life and can be exploited in chemical manufacturing as well. Part of the series Chemistry: Challenges And Solutions.
(Source: DCMP)
Every portable electronic device is fueled by chemistry, specifically through oxidation-reduction or redox reactions. In redox reactions, one compound gains electrons (reduction) and one compound loses them (oxidation). Chemists can set up reactions so that electrons are forced to move in a certain way to create an electrical current. Metals often play a key role in redox reactions, which are essential to all aspects of chemistry, particularly in many biochemical processes. Part of the series Chemistry: Challenges And Solutions.
Goes in search of sustainable solutions. In the Canary Islands, fishermen use rod and line for a valuable species and only take fully mature fish. In Oman, the authorities will only allow fishermen to use one kind of boat and net, and they strictly monitor the catches. Leading decision-makers describe how drastic action must be taken to protect wild stocks and ecosystems, but almost nowhere are measures being taken that help alleviate the crisis. Part one of this series explores the state of global fisheries.
Using light as a probe, scientists found innovative ways to make inferences about the inner structure of the atom. In this unit, scientists discuss the change from believing the atom was a single indivisible particle to later understanding the atom is composed of subatomic parts. This new picture of matter lead to the development of the quantum model of the atom, as well as ways to identify traces of chemical elements, whether on earth, in the sun, or in a distant galaxy. Part of the series Chemistry: Challenges And Solutions.
Molecules form when individual atoms create bonds by sharing electrons. Understanding how atoms combine to make molecules allows scientists to predict many of the physical and chemical properties of substances. Since the outermost eight electrons are key to forming compounds, this unit shows how the Octet Rule provides a basis for predicting how atoms may gain, lose, or share electrons to fill the slots in their outer shells. A fundamental understanding of how electrons form bonds leads to the three-dimensional shapes of molecules and has implications in all aspects of chemistry. Part of the series Chemistry: Challenges And Solutions.
Access to affordable, sustainable energy supplies is a growing concern around the world. Looks at successful enterprises that are providing some renewable energy solutions. In Scotland, small-scale turbines put wind power within the reach of domestic users. In Sweden, the world's first train to be run solely on biogas has been developed. In Nepal, biogas stoves are improving the quality of life in many ways. And in India, agricultural-plant waste is being turned into solid fuel briquettes for use in industrial stoves and boilers, while a solar-energy company has developed environmentally friendly lighting technology that disadvantaged communities can afford.
The study of thermodynamics can lead to predicting how chemical reactions will proceed or how much energy is required or released during the reactions. To better understand chemical reactions, a new thermodynamic value called “enthalpy” is introduced. Students will examine the practical applications of bond enthalpies, calorimetry, and other measurements of the energy in chemical reactions. They will also see how the understanding of thermodynamics and enthalpy is helping scientists optimize the use of crop waste for biofuels and build more efficient automobile engines. Part of Chemistry: Challenges and Solutions Series.
The rate of a chemical reaction is affected by a number of factors, including temperature and the concentration of reactants at the beginning of the reaction. While the chemical equation may show reactants turning into products as a straightforward process, it is actually involved and precise. How exactly do reactants turn into products? Sometimes, the answer is as simple as two atoms bumping into each other and forming a bond. Most of the time, however, the process is much more complex. Controlling the rate of reactions has implications for a variety of applications, including drug design and corrosion prevention. Part of the series Chemistry: Challenges And Solutions.
Chemistry is the science of interacting particles and the various states of matter. Developing a better understanding of the atomic model through experiments with gases, scientists discovered the Ideal Gas Law, developed phase diagrams, and learned about the properties of supercritical fluids. Today's chemists are exploring new ways to control the interactions of atoms, with the goal of making better hydrogen-powered cars and new technologies for the long-term, underground storage of carbon dioxide to reduce greenhouse warming. Part of the series Chemistry: Challenges And Solutions.
The seemingly peaceful atmosphere in an organic garden on the University of Florida campus belies the battles happening among many of its tiniest inhabitants: the insects. For entomologist Christine Miller, there are endless opportunities here to study how insects compete and even fight for a mate. With support from the National Science Foundation, Miller and her team are researching mate selection and animal weapons as a key to better understanding animal behavior, diversity, and evolution. Understanding evolution is essential for figuring out solutions to modern problems such as antibiotic resistance, a major problem in medicine, and for understanding how life on the planet became so diverse and how it may change in the future. Part of the National Science Foundation Series “Science Nation.”
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