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Solutions are uniform mixtures of molecules in which any of the phases of matter can be dissolved in another phase. Whether solids, liquids, or gases, solution chemistry is important because most chemical reactions, whether in the laboratory or in nature, take place in solutions. In particular, solutions with water as the solvent are the core of all biology. Extending the particle model of matter to solutions enables chemists to predict what will happen to a deep-sea diver who breathes different mixtures of gases or to the life forms in the ocean as carbon dioxide levels rise in the atmosphere. Part of Chemistry: Challenges and Solutions Series.
(Source: DCMP)
Atterwasch is a small village in Germany and is slated for demolition. It's a casualty of Germany's Energiewende, the most ambitious transformation of a country's energy sector ever attempted. Germany's plan to shut down all their nuclear reactors has had other unintended consequences as well, most notably increased burning of brown coal, the direct cause of Atterwasch's plight. Scholar Johan Norberg explores the Energiewende, along with other world energy issues like ethanol and fracking, both of which have also had consequences not anticipated.
Students explore the important role the environment plays in everyday life. Several environmental problems are highlighted, with a focus on pollution and global warming. Additional concepts and terminology discussed include ecology, biological extinction, resource depletion, overconsumption of resources, fossil fuels, global climate change, and natural resources.
Students learn how to differentiate mixtures, solutions, elements, and compounds. Additional concepts and terminology discussed include: element, pure substance, properties, atoms, molecule, compounds, types of mixtures, suspension, colloid, and alloy.
With support from the National Science Foundation, researchers at Stanford University and the University of California, Santa Barbara are building soft robots inspired by vines. The team is also engineering vine robots with the ability to configure themselves into 3-D structures, such as manipulators and antennae for communication. Part of the "Science Nation" series.
Chemistry experiments with salts demonstrate the following: neutralization; neutral, alkaline, and acid solutions; preparing zinc sulfide and sodium chloride; and the formation of ammonium chloride.
Anything that takes up space or has mass is matter. Under certain conditions matter can be a solid, liquid, gas or plasma. Different states of matter can be combined in suspensions, and solutions and mixtures can be taken apart. Exploring the physical and chemical properties of matter provides insight into nature and a glimpse at how scientists and engineers use this knowledge to shape our world.
Acids and bases are important to many chemical processes: maintaining a stable internal environment in the human body, baking a delicious cake, or determining whether a lake can support aquatic life. Reactions involving acids and bases can be described through the transfer of protons. The reactions of acids and bases, which can be monitored with indicators, can range from corrosive behavior to neutralizations that leave no acids or bases behind. To understand the controlling of pH of solutions, buffers are discussed in the laboratory and in the chemistry of the bloodstream. Part of Chemistry: Challenges and Solutions Series.
The 1960s world population has nearly doubled and now tops 7 billion. Population growth, though little discussed, is putting an unprecedented burden on the planet's life systems. Brings to light the connection between overpopulation and our most pressing environmental and humanitarian problems, as well as the solutions. Also, follows Beth, an American mother and child rights advocate, who grew up in a large family of 12 as she travels to Africa to witness first-hand the impact of population growth in the developing world and its role in exacerbating poverty. While there, she meets a young Ethiopian woman, Zinet, who comes from a poor family of 12, but has found the courage to break free from long-held cultural barriers holding back women. Features a broader discussion of the solutions to overpopulation in both the developed and developing world.
Explores space stations, lunar bases, and Mars landings as possible solutions to earth's environmental and overpopulation problems. Questions cover both positive and negative aspects of this ambitious, speculative future.
Students will trace the history of chemistry and study accounts of how chemistry developed from a practical discipline into a science. This episode also presents a current, real-life application of chemistry by illustrating the process of the refining and purifying pure silicon for advanced electronics, such as cell phones and solar cells. Part of the Chemistry: Challenges and Solutions Series.
Solutions are classified as acidic or basic based on their hydrogen ion concentration relative to pure water. An acidic solution has a higher concentration of hydrogen ions, and a basic solution has a lower concentration of hydrogen ions. Other topics covered include chemical reaction basics, properties of acids and based, acid-base reactions, and other mixtures. Part of the "Chemistry" series.
A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. It contains a solute and and solvent. Solubility is the maximum quantity of a solute that can be dissolved in a given amount of solvent at a specified temperature. Other topics covered include concentration, Raoult's law, colligative properties, and non-ideal behavior. Part of the "Chemistry" series.
Understanding the interatomic forces that give structure and properties to different types of solids is essential for the creation of new alloys, the development of useful polymers, and the creation of many other kinds of materials. Chemistry is not only an excellent entry point to predicting how a new material behaves but is also a continuous process of innovation and discovery. Part of the series: Chemistry: Challenges And Solutions.
As scientists discovered more and more chemical elements, they began developing systems to organize the elements by their chemical properties, leading to the modern periodic table. Through its organization, the periodic table makes clear the underlying chemical and physical trends among the elements. The periodic table is being continually updated even today as scientists strive to create new elements in laboratories. Part of the series Chemistry: Challenges And Solutions.
Can damage to coral reefs be repaired? Two researchers are looking for solutions to this question. Dr. Steve Palumbi conducts research on the corals around Ofu Island in American Samoa. He is trying to determine why these native corals can withstand ocean temperatures that, in other coral species, would lead to coral bleaching. Along with graduate student Megan Morikawa, Palumbi is testing whether these heat-resistant corals can be transplanted to reefs that have been damaged or destroyed.
Agriculture isn't just about sowing the land; it's about finding solutions to modern problems facing the food supply. With farmland shrinking and a hungry population growing, researchers at UC Davis are working to ensure an abundant food supply. In this episode, students will learn about the "100-year experiment" and meet the first graduates of a brand new major. Part of the "9 Billion Mouths to Feed: The Future of Farming" series.
Without plants, perhaps the most important producers in the food chain, the world as we know it would not exist. Like all livings things, plants go through a series of life processes, the most important being reproduction and adaptation. How can plants grow everywhere? How does a species spread itself over great distances and into a variety of habitats? Investigates the characteristics and diversity of the ingenious solutions flowering plants, including fruit plants, have devised for propagation.
Travels to over a dozen locations exploring the state of global fisheries. Explores the consequences in the Indian Ocean of nets with mesh so fine that even seawater only trickles out, the potential extinction of tuna in the Mediterranean and the North Atlantic, and the impact of land-based sources of pollution on coastal fishing areas. Part two of this series reports on the search for solutions.
To manipulate chemical reactions on a large scale, scientists use stoichiometry to quantify those reactions. The use of stoichiometry ensures there are the right amount of reactants and products. Without it, reactions can be incomplete, with expensive materials wasted and harmful byproducts created. Using stoichiometry, scientists are creating chemicals that take the place of petroleum in fabricating sustainable materials. At a different lab, scientists are mimicking the process of photosynthesis to convert the sun’s energy into storable chemical energy. Part of Chemistry: Challenges and Solutions Series.
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